How is "layer cake" federalism characterized?

"Layer cake" federalism is characterized by a clear division of responsibilities and authority between the different levels of government, often referred to as dual federalism. This concept suggests that the national and state governments operate independently within their own spheres of influence, much like the distinct layers in a cake. Each level of government has specific powers and responsibilities that do not overlap significantly with those of other levels, allowing for a structured and organized approach to governance.

The clarity in the division of programs and authority means that national and state governments handle specific areas of policy without intruding upon each other's responsibilities, leading to a more organized federal system. This contrasts with "marble cake" federalism, where the boundaries between the different levels are more intertwined and responsibilities are shared. Understanding this distinction is vital for grasping the unique features of federalism in the United States and how it shapes the interaction between state and national authorities.