What are implied powers in the context of federalism?

Implied powers are those that are not explicitly stated in the Constitution but can be reasonably inferred from the powers that are explicitly granted. This concept is essential to the understanding of federalism and the flexibility of governmental powers. The basis for implied powers comes primarily from the Necessary and Proper Clause, also known as the Elastic Clause, found in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make laws that are necessary and proper for carrying out its enumerated powers.

This flexibility enables the federal government to adapt and respond to new circumstances and challenges, thus ensuring that it can operate effectively even as societal needs evolve. For example, while the Constitution does not explicitly allow for the establishment of a national bank, the establishment can be inferred as a necessary means to manage the nation’s finances and regulate currency based on the government's powers to tax and manage commerce.

In contrast, the other options either describe powers explicitly outlined in the Constitution, which do not qualify as implied, or refer to powers limited to the states or that cannot be derived, neither of which capture the essence of what implied powers signify within the framework of federalism.