What is dual federalism?

Dual federalism refers to a model of government where the powers and responsibilities of state and national governments are distinct and operate independently within their respective spheres. This framework is often visualized as a "layer cake," where the national and state governments are seen as separate layers with clear delineations of authority. Each level of government has its own areas of responsibility and can exercise its powers without interference from the other.

This concept was particularly prominent in the United States from the founding era until the New Deal, as it reflects a constitutional interpretation that emphasizes limited governmental intervention across these different levels. For example, while the national government may regulate interstate commerce, states retain the authority to manage local issues, such as education and public safety.

The other options present different forms of governance or relationships. The option suggesting collaboration between state and national governments aligns more with cooperative federalism, where powers and responsibilities overlap and collaboration is encouraged. A type of government combining multiple nations under one rule does not accurately depict the U.S. federal structure, which is a federation of states rather than a union of different nations. The option about local powers ignores the essential dual structure of governance that defines dual federalism and does not consider the role of national authority.