What is the core principle of dual federalism?

The core principle of dual federalism is characterized by a distinct separation of powers between state and national governments. This framework asserts that the two levels of government operate independently within their respective spheres of authority, with clearly defined roles and responsibilities. Under dual federalism, the national government handles issues and powers granted to it by the Constitution, while state governments retain autonomy over local matters, leading to a clear demarcation in governance.

This separation is a hallmark of early American federalism, often depicted as a layer-cake model, where federal and state functions do not overlap significantly. The idea is that each government layer operates independently and should not interfere with the jurisdiction and functions of the other, maintaining a balance in governance that respects the sovereignty of both levels.

In contrast, the other options refer to concepts that either involve overlapping authorities, cooperative arrangements, or prioritize state power in ways that deviate from the strict separation that dual federalism embodies. Understanding dual federalism helps clarify the evolution of federal-state relations in the U.S. and the development of later federalism concepts.