Which concept refers to the distribution of authority between national and state governments?

The correct answer is federalism, which is a fundamental concept in American government describing the division of powers and responsibilities between the national and state governments. Federalism involves a constitutional arrangement where two levels of government share authority over the same geographic area, allowing both to operate independently yet interdependently in various capacities.

This structure is significant because it establishes the legal framework for governance and ensures that power is not concentrated in a single authority, promoting a system of checks and balances. It also allows state governments to address local issues effectively while the national government handles broader concerns that affect the country as a whole.

Cooperative federalism and dual federalism are both types of federalism, with cooperative federalism referring to a more collaborative approach between the levels of government and dual federalism highlighting a clear distinction in their functions. Intergovernmental relations pertain to the interactions and collaborations between the different levels of government but do not specifically define the distribution of authority. Understanding federalism provides insight into the complexities of governance in a multi-layered system that characterizes the United States.