Which of the following is an essential characteristic of federalism?

An essential characteristic of federalism is that different levels of government share authority. This structure is fundamental to how federal systems operate, as it enables both national and subnational entities (like states or provinces) to possess their own powers and responsibilities while still being part of a larger governing framework.

In a federal system, there is a division of powers, where certain powers are delegated to the national government, certain powers are reserved for the states, and some powers are concurrent, allowing both levels of government to legislate and govern simultaneously. This arrangement provides a balance that helps cater to the diverse needs and circumstances of various regions while maintaining a unified national policy where necessary.

The other options do not reflect the nature of federalism. A single central authority governing all matters describes a unitary system, where local governments are subject to the national government’s authority. The idea that the central government has complete autonomy contradicts the principles of shared governance. Lastly, the notion that states operate without any federal oversight ignores the cooperative nature of federalism, where federal standards and regulations still apply to state governments.